U  A 


GIFT  OF 
*vir  .H.L.Leupp 


A  MODERN  ORGANIZATION  FOR  THE  REGULAR  ARMY 

AND  ITS  USE  AS  A  MODEL  IN  ORGANIZING 

OTHER  FORCES 


PREPARED  BY  THE  WAR  COLLEGE  DIVISION,  GENERAL  STAFF  CORPS 

AS   A    SUPPLEMENT    TO    THE    STATEMENT    OF    A   PROPER   MILITARY 

POLICY  FOR  THE  UNITED  STATES 


WCD  9302-1 


ARMY  WAR  COLLEGE  :  WASHINGTON 

NOVEMBER.   1915 


518 


WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT  PRINTING  OFFICE 
1916 


H 


»•  ••»•   «> 


^  . 

WAR  DEPARTMENT, 

Document  No.  518. 

O^ce  of  the  Chief  of  Sta/. 


SYNOPSIS. 


I.  INTRODUCTION. 

Page. 

1.  Statutory  laws  governing  Army  organization 5 

2.  Defects  in  the  present  laws 5 

II.  HIGHER  UNITS  THAN  REGIMENTS. 

3.  Staff  departments  and  auxiliary  troops 6 

4.  The  tactical  division 6 

5.  Defect  of  present  system  illustrated 7 

6.  Function  of  tactical  divisions 8 

7.  Proportion  and  strength  of  mobile  forces 8 

III.  REGIMENTS  AND  LESSER  UNITS. 

8.  Infantry 9 

9.  Cavalry 9 

10.  Field  Artillery 10 

11.  Coast  Artillery  Corps 10 

12.  Engineer  troops 11 

13.  Signal  troops 11 

14.  Sanitary  troops 12 

30669-— No.  518 16  (3) 


667375 


A  MODERN  ORGANIZATION  FOR  THE  REGULAR  ARMY 
AND  ITS  USE  AS  A  MODEL  IN  ORGANIZING  OTHER 
FORCES.  . 

I.   INTRODUCTION."  /     '     !  ;•";"- 
1.  STATUTORY  LAWS  GOVERNING  ARMY  ORGANIZATION. 

The  present  statutory  laws  concerning  the  organization  of  the 
Regular  Army  of  the  United  States  may  be  briefed  as  follows : 

(a)  Brigades  and  divisions  to  be  composed  of  a  certain  number 
of  regiments  of  Infantry  or  Cavalry  in  "  the  ordinary  arrangement 
of  the  Army."     (Sec.  1114,  R.  S.)  " 

(b)  Brigades,  divisions,  and  Army  corps  composed  of  a  specified 
number  of  regiments  required  to  be  organized  in  time  of  war,  or 
when  war  is  imminent.     (30  Stat.  L.) 

(c)  The  several  staff  departments,  composition  of,  as  authorized 
for  service  in  peace  and  without  reference  to  their  functioning  with 
tactical  organizations  (bureau's  personnel),  except  in  the  case  of  the 
Engineer  Department,  the  Signal  Department,  and  the  Medical  De- 
partment, where  a  limited  personnel  is  provided  for  service  with 
the  troops. 

(d)  Troops  of  the  line — regimental  organization  of  Infantry, 
Cavalry,  and  Field  Artillery.    The  Coast  Artillery  Corps,  organized 
into  companies. 

2.  DEFECTS  IN  THE  PRESENT  LAWS. 

The  defects  in  the  present  statutory  laws  that  prevent  a  modern, 
scientific,  and  efficient  organization  of  our  Army  may  be  briefly 
summarized  as  follows: 

(a)  The  prescribed  regimental  organization  of  the  three  arms, 
not  modern — lacking  certain  fighting  units,  as  well  as  important 
administrative  units. 

(b)  No  provision  for  the  personnel  of  the  headquarters  and  staff 
of  any  units  higher  than  a  regiment. 

(c)  No  provision  for  a  permanent  peace  organization  of  higher 
units — brigades  and  divisions. 

(d)  No  provision  for  necessary  divisional  train  units. 

(e)  Auxiliary  troops  not  organized  with  relation  to  the  primary 
arms  of  the  service. 

(/)  Enlisted  specialists  needed  to  meet  modern  requirements. 
The  effect  of  these  defects  upon  attempts  to  provide  a  scientific 
organization  for  our  Army  is  explained  in  the  following  pages. 

518 

(5) 


6 

II.  HIGHER  UNITS  THAN  REGIMENTS. 
8.  STAFF  DEPARTMENTS  AND  AUXILIARY  TROOPS. 

The  organization  of  all  modern  armies  is  based  upon  the  principle 
that  the  primary  fighting  force  is  well-trained  infantry.  This  pri- 
mary fighting  force  must,  however,  be  aided  by  proper  and  accepted 
proportions  of  cavalry,  field  artillery,  engineer,  signal,  sanitary,  and 
supply  troops  to  make  a  complete  mobile  fighting  machine.  The 
smallest  independent  unit  in  which  all  the  various  arms  are  found 
represented  in  modern  armies  is  one  of  approximately  20,000  men, 
called  the  Infantry  Division  in  our  Field  Service  Regulations.  For 
the  proper  and  efficient  strategical,  tactical,  and  administrative  han- 
dling of  divisions  and  larger  units,  including  their  supply,  certain 
General  Staff  officers,  and  a  technical  and  administrative  staff,  ad- 
jutant, inspectors,  judge  advocate,  quartermaster,  and  ordnance  of- 
ficer are  added  to  assist  the  commanding  general.  All  these  various 
staff  officers  are  necessary  cogs  in  the  wheel. 

Just  as  an  operating  division  of  a  railroad  system  requires  direct- 
ing officials  to  give  train  orders,  a  switching  personnel,  signal  oper- 
ators, and  telegraphers,  in  order  to  keep  the  several  trains  running 
safely  and  without  confusion  for  the  purpose  of  moving  the  traffic, 
the  object  for  which  railroads  are  maintained,  so  also,  in  modern 
armies  the  function  of  all  staff  officers  and  auxiliary  arms  is  to  con- 
tribute to  the  main  object  of  the  Army — to  assist  the  Infantry  in 
defeating  the  enemy. 

4.  THE  TACTICAL  DIVISION. 

The  latest  enactment  of  law  concerning  the  formation  of  higher 
units  than  regiments  is  that  contained  in  the  volunteer  law  of  April 
25,  1914,  as  follows: 

SEC.  4.  *  *  *  Povided  further,  That  when  military  conditions  so  require, 
the  President  may  organize  the  land  forces  of  the  United  States  into  brigades 
and  divisions  and  such  higher  units  as  he  may  deem  necessary,  and  the  com- 
position of  units  higher  than  the  regiment  shall  be  as  he  may  prescribe. 

Here  is  authority  for  organizing  these  higher  units  and  the  com- 
position may  be  such  as  the  President  shall  prescribe,  but  with  this 
restriction : 

SEC.  3.  *  *  *  Provided,  That  the  power  to  organize  volunteer  forces  shall 
include  the  power  to  provide,  within  such  limits  as  are  or  may  be  prescribed 
by  law,  the  officers  and  enlisted  men  of  all  grades  and  classes,  and  the  trained 
nurses,  male  and  female,  that  may  be  necessary  in  the  various  arms,  corps,  and 
departments. 

And  further: 

SEC.  5.  *    *    *    to  appoint  all  volunteer  officers  required  by  this  act,  but 
the  number  and  grade  of  such  officers  shall  not  exceed  the  number  and  grade 
of  like  officers  provided  for  a  like  force  of  the  Regular  Army. 
518 


In  other  words,  the  organization  of  volunteers  must  be  patterned 
after  the  organization  of  the  Regular  Army. 

Under  the  present  law  the  headquarters  of  these  higher  units  in 
the  Regular  Army  can  only  be  improvised  by  detailing  the  technical 
and  administrative  staff,  commissioned  personnel,  from  the  War 
Department  bureaus  and  their  departmental  branches,  thus  crip- 
pling these  bureaus  when  these  higher  units  take  the  field.  The  en- 
listed combatant  personnel  required  for  these  headquarters  can  be 
obtained  only  by  denuding  the  tactical  organizations  composing  these 
higher  units.  This  is  the  case  in  both  peace  and  war,  for  under  the 
volunteer  law  only  regiments  and  lesser  tactical  organizations  are 
provided  from  which  to  organize  the  higher  units.  While  it  is  true 
that  these  are  the  bone  and  sinew  of  the  higher  units,  still  they  can 
not  function  as  a  complete  machine  without  a  directing  and  super- 
vising headquarters,  for  which  no  provision  has  been  made.  Our 
present  peace-time  organization  provides  staff-department  commis- 
sioned personnel  only  with  a  view  to  the  necessary  operation  of  the 
War  Department  bureaus  and  their  departmental  branches.  For 
time  of  war  the  volunteer  law  provides  for  increasing  this  staff 
personnel  in  proportion  to  its  present  strength  and  the  number  of 
volunteer  troops  raised,  which  simply  expands  the  bureau  personnel 
without  reference  to  the  requirements  of  technical  and  administra- 
tive staff  personnel  for  the  higher  tactical  units. 

5.  DEFECT  OF  PRESENT  SYSTEM  ILLUSTRATED. 

The  defect  of  this  system  is  illustrated  by  the  attempt  to  organize 
brigades  and  divisions  as  prescribed  in  General  Orders,  No.  9,  War 
Department,  1913,  in  which  these  higher  units  were  formed,  as  far 
as  practicable,  from  the  tactical  organizations  and  staff  personnel  of 
the  containing  geographical  departments.  It  will  be  noted  that  the 
departmental  staff  was  assigned  the  dual  function  of  department 
and  tactical  division  staff  duty,  which  was  practicable  only  so  long 
as  the  divisions  remained  demobilized.  When  the  Second  Division 
was  mobilized  at  Texas  City  in  1913  the  Central  Department  was 
denuded  of  its  bureau  staff,  which  had  to  be  replaced  from  other  de- 
partments or  from  the  central  bureaus.  In  time  of  war  the  geo- 
graphical departments  must  be  maintained,  and  are  an  important 
part  of  the  military  establishment  in  the  service  of  the  interior. 
(F.  S.  R.,  247.)  The  department  commander  is  charged  with  the 
recruitment,  training,  and  equipment  of  all  military  forces  not 
specially  excepted  within  the  limits  of  his  department,  and  for  their 
mobilization  and  dispatch  to  concentration  camps.  (F.  S.  R.,  252.) 

Other  difficulties  are  forcibly  brought  out  in  the  Tables  of  Organi- 
zation, 1914,  which  show  that  in  order  to  provide  the  necessary 
combatant  personnel  (enlisted)  for  brigade  and  division  head- 
sis 


8 

quarters  this  personnel  has  to  be  detailed  from  the  statutory  strength 
of  regiments  of  the  division. 

Finally,  there  are  certain  much-needed  subsidiary  units  for  the 
complete  organization  of  a  division  for  which  personnel  is  not  pro- 
vided under  the  present  laws — ammunition  train,  supply  train,  engi- 
neer train,  and  sanitary  train.  These  trains  could  not  even  be  im- 
provised in  the  attempted  mobilization  of  the  Second  Division  at 
Texas  City,  ordered  in  February,  1913. 

6.  FUNCTION  OF  TACTICAL  DIVISIONS. 

The  tactical  division  is,  as  stated  in  Field  Service  Regulations,  the 
great  administrative  unit  which  forms  the  model  for  the  organiza- 
tion of  the  administrative  service  of  smaller  units  operating  inde- 
pendently, (F.  S.  R.,  264.)  All  armies  of  first-class  powers  are 
organized  on  the  division  as  the  basic  tactical  unit.  All  increments 
of  armies  are  considered  in  terms  of  the  division  unit.  The  founda- 
tion of  an  army  considered  as  a  fighting  force  is  the  division.  Hence, 
one  of  the  first  steps  in  any  plan  for  effecting  a  modern  organization 
for  our  Army  should  be  to  establish  the  complete  organization  for 
a  tactical  division,  and  to  build  the  superstructure  on  the  foundation 
of  the  number  of  division  units  to  be  provided.  At  least  one  such 
division  should  be  fully  organized,  manned,  and  equipped  in  time 
of  peace  to  serve  as  a  model  for  the  organization  of  the  Army  in 
time  of  war. 

7.  PROPORTION  AND  STRENGTH  OF  MOBILE  FORCES. 

All  of  the  mobile  regular  forces  maintained  in  the  United  States 
proper  should  be  proportioned  and  organized  as  complete  tactical 
divisions,  not  only  to  be  ready  for  instant  service  for  any  emergency, 
as  the  only  first-line  troops  on  which  the  Nation  can  depend,  but  also  to 
serve  as  models  for  the  organization  and  training  of  other  forces  in 
peace  as  well  as  in  war.  Furthermore,  it  is  necessary  that  all  of 
the  small  Regular  Army  be  maintained  at  statutory  maximum 
strength  for  the  same  reasons.  At  present  Infantry  regiments  in 
the  United  States  proper  are  maintained  at  only  47.2  per  cent  of  the 
maximum  strength ;  Cavalry  at  75.7  per  cent ;  Field  Artillery  at  77.7 
per  cent ;  and  field  battalions  of  Signal  troops  at  58.9  per  cent.  This 
reduced  strength  impairs  training,  absolutely  precludes  efficiency, 
and  creates  a  false  model  for  the  organization  of  other  forces.  These 
organizations  in  time  of  war  would  be  filled  up  with  recruits,  and  for 
a  considerable  time  thereafter  even  the  peace-strength  efficiency  of 
these  organizations  would  be  seriously  lowered  by  the  introduction 
of  such  large  percentages  of  raw  material. 

518 


9 

IH.  REGIMENTS  AND  1LESSER  UNITS. 

8.  INFANTRY. 

The  organization  of  the  Infantry  regiment,  which  is  the  main 
component  of  any  complete  fighting  unit,  has  not  been  materially 
revised  since  the  act  of  March  2,  1899.  Since  that  time  the  Russo- 
Japanese  War,  the  Balkan  wars,  and  the  present  European  war 
have  given  practical  experience  showing  the  necessity  for  certain 
subsidiary  units  for  Infantry  regiments  in  order  to  develop  their 
full  fighting  efficiency,  particularly  with  reference  to  the  addition  of 
a  machine-gun  unit  as  an  integral  part  of  the  regiment.  No  organ- 
ization nor  personnel  has  been  provided  for  such  units.  Likewise 
it  has  been  found  necessary  to  add  mounted  orderlies  to  care  for  the 
horses  of  the  increased  number  of  mounted  field  and  staff  officers 
(also  used  for  scouting  and  reconnaissance  work)  and  enlisted  per- 
sonnel for  supply  and  transportation  purposes.  These  subsidiary 
units  for  the  regiment  are  at  present  necessarily  only  improvised 
by  details  of  enlisted  personnel  from  the  12  statutory  companies. 
This  provisional  organization  had  to  be  resorted  to  for  instructional 
purposes  in  time  of  peace,  so  as  to  be  prepared  for  duties  that 
would  certainly  be  required  in  time  of  war.  For  necessary  and 
efficient  administration  these  new  subsidiary  units,  together  with  the 
former  detachment  of  noncommissioned  staff  and  band,  have  been 
organized  provisionally  as  a  headquarters  company,  a  machine-gun 
company,  and  a  supply  company.  In  order  that  this  personnel  may 
have  the  proper  grades  corresponding  to  equivalent  duties  per- 
formed by  the  personnel  of  statutory  companies,  and  that  the  full 
fighting  strength  of  the  12  statutory  companies  may  not  be  weak- 
ened by  detachment  therefrom  in  time  of  war,  modern  organization 
requires  that  these  subsidiary  companies  be  sanctioned  ~by  law  as 
additional  units  for  the  Infantry  regiment.  The  number  of  cooks 
authorized  for  a  statutory  company  at  maximum  strength,  150  men. 
is  two,  the  same  as  at  minimum  strength,  65  men.  Three  cooks 
should  be  provided  for  150  men. 

9.  CAVALRY. 

The  organization  of  the  Cavalry  regiment  has  not  been  materially 
revised  since  the  two  skeletonized  troops  were  reestablished  by 
General  Orders,  No.  27,  Adjutant  General's  Office,  1898,  and  the 
commissioned  and  noncommissioned  staff  was  increased  by  the  act  of 
February  2,  1901.  Provisional  subsidiary  units  similar  to  those 
described  above  for  the  Infantry  regiment  have  been  found  equally 
necessary  for  the  Cavalry  regiment.  These  subsidiary  units  should 
be  sanctioned  by  law  as  additional  units  for  the  Cavalry  regiment 
and  for  the  same  reasons.  Some  adjustment  of  grades  of  enlisted 

6X8 


10 

specialists,  such  as  stable  sergeants,  horseshoers,  farrier,  saddlers, 
mechanics,  wagoners,  etc.,  is  necessary  to  place  them  on  an  equal 
footing  in  the  several  mounted  branches. 

10.  FIELD  ARTILLERY. 

The  organization  of  the  Field  Artillery  regiments  dates  from  the 
act  of  January  25,  1907,  separating  the  coast  and  field  artillery. 
This  organization  is  not  sufficiently  flexible  for  adaptation  to  the 
present  development  of  the  Field  Artillery  arm,  as  demonstrated  in 
the  present  European  war.  Regiments  of  two  battalions  only  are 
provided,  whereas  experience  shows  that  the  heavier  type  of  arma- 
ment calls  for  a  battalion  of  fewer  batteries  and  more  battalions 
to  the  regiment.  The  organization  of  the  Field  Artillery  regiment 
should  consist  of  such  number  of  gun  and  howitzer  battalions  as 
the  President  may  direct.  The  organization  of  ammunition  bat- 
teries and  battalions  and  the  artillery  park  should  be  prescribed, 
but  the  personnel  need  be  provided  only  in  time  of  war,  threatened 
invasion,  or  when  war  is  imminent. 

Provisional  subsidiary  units,  similar  to  those  described  above 
for  the  infantry  regiment  (except  the  machine-gun  unit),  appear 
to  be  equally  advisable  for  the  Field  Artillery  regiment,  i.  e.,  a  head- 
quarters company  and  a  supply  company.  These  subsidiary  units 
should  be  sanctioned  ~by  law  as  additional  units  for  the  Field  Artillery 
regiment,  and  for  the  same  reasons. 

Some  adjustment  of  grades  of  enlisted  specialists,  such  as  stable 
sergeants,  horseshoers,  farriers,  saddlers,  mechanics,  wagoners,  etc., 
is  necessary  to  place  them  on  an  equal  footing  in  all  mounted 
branches. 

11.  COAST  ARTILLERY  CORPS. 

The  present  organization  of  the  Coast  Artillery  Corps  dates  from 
the  act  of  January  25,  1907,  separating  the  coast  and  field  artillery. 
While  the  regimental  organization  for  coast  artillery  was  discon- 
tinued by  the  act  of  February  2, 1901,  the  personnel  provided  is  based 
on  the  proportion  and  equivalent  of  14  regiments.  This  regimental 
proportion  for  personnel,  both  commissioned  and  enlisted,  bears  no 
relation  to  the  assignment  of  the  personnel  for  the  duties  required 
thereof  at  the  several  fixed  fortifications  to  be  manned.  Modern 
organization  for  coast  artillery  calls  for  personnel  to  fit  the  needs  of 
the  different  types  of  fortifications  and  their  auxiliary  defenses. 
This  should  be  determined  by  the  proper  military  experts  in  accord- 
ance with  the  plans  for  armament  of  existing  fortifications  which  are 
to  be  manned,  and  for  approved  projects  under  construction.  In  the 
case  of  future  extensions  of  fixed  fortifications  the  personnel  should 
be  provided  for  at  the  same  time  as  the  fortifications  and  their 
armament,  in  accordance  with  their  particular  needs. 

518 


11 

For  the  present  enlisted  personnel,  Coast  Artillery  Corps,  some 
adjustment  of  the  grades  of  enlisted  specialists  is  necessary  in  order 
to  offer  inducements  for  the  retention  of  skilled  mechanics  in  compe- 
tition with  corresponding  commercial  positions. 

12.  ENGINEER  TROOPS. 

The  organization  of  Engineer  troops  as  part  of  the  line  of  the 
Army,  consisting  of  three  battalions  of  four  companies  each,  dates 
from  the  act  of  February  2,  1901.  This  organization  was  prescribed 
without  any  reference  to  their  function  and  relation  to  the  basic 
tactical  unit  of  the  mobile  forces — the  tactical  division.  Modern 
organization,  as  demonstrated  by  recent  wars,  calls  for  a  larger  pro- 
portion of  Engineer  troops  and  a  different  organization  than  can 
be  provided  under  the  present  statutory  battalion  of  four  companies. 
In  the  Tables  of  Organization,  1914,  by  constituting  provisional 
battalions  of  three  companies  each,  an  attempt  was  made  to  fit  these 
statutory  battalions  and  companies  to  the  needs  on  an  Infantry 
division  and  a  Cavalry  division,  and  of  field  army  troops,  as  pioneer 
battalions,  pioneer  battalions  (mounted),  and  pontoon  battalions. 
But  the  12  companies  now  authorized  by  law  are  altogether  inade- 
quate for  the  needs  of  even  the  three  Infantry  divisions  and  one 
Cavalry  division  organized  by  direction  of  the  President,  as  pre- 
scribed in  General  Orders,  No.  9,  War  Department,  1913.  The 
report  of  the  Board  on  Engineer  Troops,  as  approved  by  the  Sec- 
retary of  War,  January  19,  1914,  represents  the  modern  organiza- 
tion of  Engineer  troops  for  our  Army,  which  calls  for  a  regiment 
of  two  battalions  of  three  pioneer  companies  for  an  Infantry  divi- 
sion; a  pioneer  battalion  (mounted)  of  three  companies  for  a 
Cavalry  division;  and  a  pontoon  battalion  of  three  companies  (one 
light  and  two  heavy)  for  assignment  as  part  of  field  army  troops. 

For  the  present  enlisted  personnel,  Engineer  troops,  some  adjust- 
ment of  the  grades  of  enlisted  specialists  is  necessary  in  order  to 
offer  inducements  for  the  retention  of  skilled  mechanics  in  compe- 
tition with  corresponding  commercial  positions. 

13.  SIGNAL  TROOPS. 

The  present  organization  of  Signal  troops  dates  from  the  act  of 
February  2,  1901,  as  amended  by  the  act  of  June  30,  1902,  and  the 
increase  in  time  of  war  prescribed  by  the  act  of  April  26,  1898,  to- 
gether with  the  Aviation  Section  of  the  Signal  Corps  authorized  by 
the  act  of  July  18, 1914.  This  branch  of  the  Army  is  undergoing  such 
changes  to  meet  the  advances  in  electrical  communication,  and  espe- 
cially in  the  science  of  aeronautics,  that  the  law  providing  the  neces- 
sary personnel  should  be  very  elastic.  The  enlisted  strength  of  the 
Signal  Corps  should  be  limited  and  fixed  by  the  President  in  accord- 

518 


12 

ance  with  the  needs  of  the  Army.  The  numbers  in  the  several  grades 
of  enlisted  men  should  be  fixed  only  by  percentages  that  they  should 
bear  to  the  total  enlisted  strength  as  authorized  by  the  President. 
The  number  of  companies,  field  battalions,  and  aero  squadrons,  and 
the  composition  of  each,  should  be  such  as  the  President  may  pre- 
scribe, in  order  that  they  may  be  adjusted  to  changing  needs. 

14.  SANITARY  TROOPS. 

While  the  present  law  (act  of  Mar.  1,  1887)  does  not  count  the 
enlisted  men  of  the  Medical  Department  (Hospital  Corps)  as  part 
of  the  strength  of  the  Army,  and  the  Secretary  of  War  is  empow- 
ered to  enlist  as  many  privates  of  the  Hospital  Corps  as  the  service 
may  require;  and  he  is  authorized  (act  of  Mar.  2,  1903)  to  organ- 
ize ambulance  companies,  field  hospital  companies,  and  other  detach- 
ments of  the  Hospital  Corps  as  the  necessities  of  the  service  may  re- 
quire, the  numbers  in  certain  grades  of  noncommissioned  officers  are 
fixed  by  law.  Limited  appropriations  have  further  hampered  the 
organization  of  the  proper  number  of  sanitary  units  required  for  the 
present  organized  tactical  divisions. 

In  order  to  meet  the  needs  of  the  service  in  providing  its  part  of  a 
modern  organization  for  the  Army,  the  law  governing  enlisted  men 
of  the  Medical  Department  should  provide  the  requisite  number  of 
noncommissioned  officers  based  on  a  percentage  that  the  several 
grades  shall  bear  to  the  total  enlisted  strength  as  authorized  by  the 
Secretary  of  War,  thus  providing  a  wholly  flexible  law.  The  title, 
Medical  Corps,  which  now  embraces  only  commissioned  personnel, 
should  include  the  enlisted  personnel  as  well,  thus  doing  away  with 
the  title,  Hospital  Corps,  as  an  unnecessary  separate  corps,  and  sim- 
plifying the  military  laws  governing  the  Medical  Department. 

Some  adjustment  of  grades  of  enlisted  personnel  is  necessary  and 
advisable  in  order  to  meet  the  complaint  and  opposition  of  commer- 
cial pharmacist  associations  which  have  been  appealing  to  Congress 
with  bills  for  the  amelioration  of  the  Hospital  Corps  personnel. 

618 

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UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 


AND    TO    $1 
OVERDUE. 


FOURTH 
THE    SEVENTH     DAY 


